tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42310770604396779592024-03-07T20:59:09.344-08:00Media Penyajian Musiksonti eoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11402154065485021385noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4231077060439677959.post-28722026684905591052011-12-15T21:33:00.000-08:002011-12-15T21:33:22.355-08:00Media Penyajian Musik<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Media Penyajian Musik mencakup dua hal yaitu vo</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">al</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> instrumen.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vokal</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vokal adalah media musi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">k</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> yang dilakukan oleh organ-organ suara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manusia. Yang termasuk organ suara adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rongga Tenggorokan berfungsi sebagai tempat mengalirkan udara dari rongga perut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selaput suara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">berfungsi sebagai organ pembentuk getaran suara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rongga Tekak berfungsi untuk mengatur pembentukan bunyi-bunyi seperti huruf k, kh dan g.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lidah dan anak lidah berfungsi untuk membentuk suara d, l, n, r dan t.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rongga mulut dan langit-langit selain berfungsi membentuk suara d, l, n, r dan t juga berfungsi sebagai resonansi suara vokal yang bernada tinggi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rongga hidung sebagai resonantor bagi suara-suara sangau seperti n, m dan ng.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bibir, berfungsi untuk membentuk suara huruf f dan v.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gigi atas dan gigi bawah bersama-sama lidah juga membentuk suara huruf c, j, s dan y.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam menyanyi kita menggunakan rentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pitch</i> dan volume yang lebih luas daripada berbicara, dan kita harus mempertahankan vokal (huruf hidup) lebih panjang. Menyanyi memerlukan suplay nafas yang kuat dan pengontrolan. Udara tersebut menjadikan pita suara bergetar dan paru-paru, tenggorokan, mulut dan hidung penyanyi siap menyuarakan bunyi yang dikehendaki.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rentang suara penyanyi bergantung pada latihan dan kondisi fisik. Penyanyi profesional dapaat menyanyikan 2 oktaf atau lebih, sedangkan penyanyi yang tidak terlatih biasanya hanya 1</span><span style="font-size: 4.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/Popy/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="23" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">oktaf. Pita suara pria lebih panjang dan tebal daripada wanita, dan perbedaan ini menghasilkan rentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pitch</i> yang lebih rendah. Suara orang dewasa dikelompokkan pada suara wanita dan suara pria. Pengelompokkannya adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Suara wanita</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Suara Pria</u></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tinggi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Soprano<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Tinggi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Tenor</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sedang = Mezo-soprano<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedang = Bariton</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rendah = Alto<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Rendah = Bass</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Setiap orang dapat bernyanyi sendiri, berdua atau berkelompok. Sebutan untuk orang bernyanyi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 46.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sendiri<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Solo</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 46.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdua<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Duet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 46.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bertiga<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Trio</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 46.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kuartet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 46.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berlima<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kuintet</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lebih dari itu biasanya orang akan membentuk kelompok (grup) sehingga disebut dengan vokal grup. Bila kelompok bernyanyi mencapai 20 orang atau lebih dan lagu yang dinyanyikan terdiri atas beberapa suara, kelompok tersebut dinamakan paduan suara (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">koor</i>). Paduan suara dapat dikelompokkan menjadi paduan suara anak-anak dan paduan suara orang dewasa. Paduan suara orang dewasa ada yang sejenis yaitu paduan suara wanita dan paduan suara pria, dan paduan suara campuran yaitu paduan suara wanita dan pria. Jenis pada paduan suara campuran biasanya sopran dan alto untuk wanita, tenor dan bass untuk pria.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musik </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">tal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen musik sangat bervariasi dalam hal dan bentuk maupun warna suaranya. Klasifikasi instrumen berdasarkan cara produksi suaranya ada 5 macam, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Chordaphone (sumber bunyi dari dawai)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Aerophone (sumber bunyi dari udara)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Idiophone (sumber bunyi dari alat itu sendiri)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Membranophone (sumber bunyi dari listrik-elektronik)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen dibuat dari berbagai ukuran yang menghasilkan rentang suara yang berbeda-beda. Instrumen mempunyai rentang suara yang lebih luas daripada suara manusia (rentang suara 3 oktaf sampai 4 oktaf, bahkan bisa mencapai 6 atau 7 oktaf). Instrumen juga menghasilkan suara atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pitch</i> yang lebih tepat daripada suara manusia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komposisi musik dapat ditulis dalam bentuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">solo</i> instrumen, kelompok kecil dan orkestra dengan 100 pemain. Instrumen musik yang umum digunakan di barat secara umum dikategorikan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen String</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Violin, viola, cello (violoncello) </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">double bass (bass)</i> merupakan penyusun bagian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">string</i> dalam orkes simponi. Dalam orkes simponi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">string</i> biasanya dimainkan dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bow</i> (penggesek) dan dapat juga dimainkan dengan cara dipetik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dari semua kelompok instrumen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">string</i> mempunyai keunggulan beragam dan tingkat ekspresi yang lebih luas. Instrumen tersebut menghasilkan banyak warna suara dan mempunyai rentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pitch</i> dan dinamik yang lebar. Pemain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">string</i> dapat menghasilkan nada yang cemerlang dan tajam atau pelan dan bertekanan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musikus menggetarkan dawai dengan cara menggesekkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bow</i> di atas dawai dengan tangan kanan. Kecepatan dan tekanan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bow</i> akan mengontrol dinamik dan warna nada. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pitch</i> dikontrol oleh tangan kiri pemain dengan cara menekan dawai pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fingerboard</i>. Hasilnya adalah porsi getaran dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pitch</i> yang berbeda-beda, hal ini disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stopping </i>pada dawai.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen Tiup</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen ini menghasilkan nada dengan cara menimbulkan getaran udara di dalam tabung yang umumnya terbuat dari kayu. Namun sejak abad 20 terdapat instrumen yang bahannya dari logam. Semua alat tiup kayu mempunyai lubang-lubang kecil sepanjang badannya yang dapat dibuka dan ditutup dengan jari-jari atau dengan pengontrolan pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pad</i>-nya secara mekanis. Dengan cara itulah pemain mengubah-ubah panjang pendeknya getaran bunyi sehingga meninggalkan perubahan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pitch</i> atau tinggi rendah nada.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen tiup cocok untuk penampilan di luar ruangan. Oleh karena itu alat musik ini sering dikemas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk membangkitkan suasana pedesaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen Tiup Logam</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam sebuah orkestra, terdapat instrumen tiup logam dari register atas hingga register bawah yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">trompet, french (horn), trombone </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tuba.</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Vibrasi instrumen tiup logam timbul dari bibir pemain selagi meniup mouthpiece. Getaran suara itu kemudian diperkuat dan ditentukan warna nadanya oleh tabung yang mempunyai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coil</i> (tabung yang melingkar).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pitch</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> dalam instrumen tiup logam diatur dengan mengubah-ubah tekanan bibir dan penggunaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">slide</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valve</i> untuk mengubah-ubah panjangnya tabung yang dialiri udara yang bergetar. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Valve</i> umum digunakan sejak sekitar tahun 1850. Dengan penggunaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valve</i>, pemain dapat membuat pilihan nada dengan menambahkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mute</i> pada corong instrumennya untuk menimbulkan kesan suara yang direndam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen tiup logam merupakan instrumen yang kuat, ketika dimainkan dengan keras dalam suatu orkestra hampir dapat menenggelamkan instrumen lainnya. Pemain tidak dapat memainkan instrumen tiup logam secepat pemain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">string </i>atau tiup kayu dan tidak sering berperan sebagai pemain tunggal. Musik tiup logam sering diasosiasikan dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mars militer</i> atau upacara di luar gedung.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perkusi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Umumnya instrumen perkusi dalam sebuah orkestra dimainkan dengan cara dipukul dengan tangan, dengan tongkat atau palu dan beberapa lainnya dimainkan dengan cara digoyang atau digosok. Instrumen perkusi terbagi atas :</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 94.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.0pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pitch</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> tertentu</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pitch </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">tidak tentu</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.0pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Timpani (kettledrum)</span></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Snare drum (side drum)</span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.0pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Glockenspiel</span></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bass drum</span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.0pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Xylophone</span></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Triangle</span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.0pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Celesta</span></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cymball</span></i></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.0pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Chimes</span></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gong (tam-tam)</span></i></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Getaran bunyi pada instrumen perkusi diatur dengan merentang membran, sejenis lapisan kulit tipis pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kettledrum</i> atau berupa batang logam, kayu atau bahan keras lainnya. Suara yang relatif keras dapat dihasilkan dengan oleh alat perkusi, tetapi suara tersebut lebih cepat hilang dibandingkan dengan instrumen lainnya. Para musikus barat telah menemukan penggunaan variasi instrumen perkusi yang cukup menakjubkan pada musik Afrika dan Asia, dengan perubahan-perubahan ritme, warna suara dan dinamik dilakukan dengan halus dan cerdik dengan imajinasi yang cukup tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat Musik Keyboard</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Piano, harpischord, organ dan accordeon adalah contoh-contoh alat musik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">keyboard </i>yang memungkinkan pemain memainkan beberapa nada pada waktu yang sama dengan mudah dan cepat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Piano</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> ditemukan sekitar tahun 1700, dewasa ini piano merupakan instrumen yang sangat popular dan digunakan untuk pemain tunggal, iringan dan digabung dengan satu atau beberapa instrumen lain. Piano merupakan instrumen yang serbaguna. Piano mempunyai rentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pitch</i> yang luas, 88 bilahnya mencakup 7 oktaf. Dinamiknya juga sangat luas dari yang sangat halus sampai yang keras dan kuat. Biasanya ada 3 macam pedal pada piano, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">demper pedal </i>(kanan)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, una-corda pedal </i>(kiri) dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sustenuto pedal</i> (tengah).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Harpischord </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">mempunyai dawai yang dipetik dengan plectra (selembar plastik atau mika kecil). Dawai-dawai ini dikontrol oleh satu atau dua bilah. Harpischord merupakan instrumen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">keyboard</i> utama pada sekitar tahun1500-1775 ketika secara bertahap digantikan oleh piano.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pipa Organ </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">terdiri atas banyak pasangan pipa dikontrol oleh beberapa bilah, termasuk sebuah bilah pedal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang berfungsi mengontrol value (tabung udara). Setiap set pasangan pipa mempunyai sebuah warna tertentu yang dapat dimainkan sendiri atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan warna lainnya. Semakin besar organ makan akan semakin banyak variasi warna yang tersedia. Organis tidak seperti pianis, tidak dapat membuat perubahan dinamis secara halus dengan mengubah-ubah variasi tekanan. Pemain hanya dapat mengubah dinamik dengan menambah atau mengurangi jumlah pipa yang terbuka dan tertutup. Organ mempunyai rentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pitch</i>, volume dan warna suara yang lebih banyak daripada instrumen tradisional lainnya. Nada-nadanya berbunyi sepanjang jari atau kaki pemain menahan bilah atau pedal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Accordeon </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">mempunyai reed-reed baja yang bebas bergetar, yang dikontrol oleh susunan bilah seperti tombol yang dimainkan oleh tangan kiri.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen Musik Elektronik</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen ini dikembangkan sejak 1904 tetapi baru mempunyai pengaruh yang berarti sejak 1950. Dewasa ini teknologi elektronik dan komputer berkembang cepat, berubah teru-menerus dan peningkatannya dipadukan bersama-sama. Studio rekam merupakan perangkat utama bagi komposer musik elektronik sejak 1950-an. Namun pada tahun 1960-an banyak komposer yang beralih ke <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">synthesizer</i>, yang muncul sejak tahun 1955.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Synthesizer </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">merupakan sistem komponen elektronik yang dapat menggabung, memodifikasi dan mengontrol suara. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Synthesizer </i>berkemampuan tinggi yang menggunakan kecanggihan komputer dewasa ini telah dikembangkan dan berbagai teknologi dimanfaatkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tahun 70-an dan 80-an dikembangkan komputer yang memungkinkan komposer mendengarkan langsung musiik yang diprogramnya, bahkan sejak saat itu komputer dikembangkan lagi menjadi lebih lengkap. Komputer dapat digunakan sebagai<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> synthesizer</i> musik, membantu komposer menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">score</i> musik, menyimpan sinyal-sinyal suara, mengontrol prosedur yang diolah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">synthesizer</i> dll. Namun pada kenyataannya, perbedaan antara teknologi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">synthesizer</i> dan komputer tidak jelas benar. Karena dewasa ini, studio musik elektronik mengitegrasikan jenis peralatan yang beragam mencakup tape recorder, synthesizer, komputer dan peralatan untuk pencampuran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mixing</i>) dan penyaringan suara (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">filtering</i>).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Instrumen Musik Nusantara</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara umum alat musik dapat dikelompokkan dalam beberapa macam, yaitu alat musik membran, pejal, tiup dan dawai.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat Musik Membran (Membranophone)</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Beberapa jenis alat musik mebran yang ada di Nusantara umumnya berbentuk gendang dua sisi dengan ukuran dan nama yang berbeda-beda. Macam-macamnya yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gendang Melayu, yaitu alat musik membran yang berasal dari Melayu Deli Sumut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dog-dog, terdapat di daerah Sunda, Sumut (Gonrang) dan Nias (Gondra).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kendang, terdapat di daerah Jawa Timur dan Jawa Tengah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat Musik Pejal atau Perkusi (Idiaphone)</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat musik pajal umumnya terbuat dari :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bilah-bilah bambu atau kayu, seperti Garantung (Tapanuli), Doli-doli (Nias), Gambang (Jawa), Calung (Jawa Barat), Arumba (Jawa Barat) dan Kolintang (Minahasa).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tabung bambu, seperti Tanggetong, Angklung (Jawa Barat) dan Rere (Sulawesi).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bilah-bilah logam, seperti Saron (Jawa Tengah), Rincik (Jawa Barat), Kademung dan Gender (Jawa, Bali dan Kalimantan Selatan).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Logam berbentuk cembung dengan bentuk tonjolan di tengahnya, seperti Bonang (Jawa) dan Gong.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kepingan-kepingan logam, seperti Kecrek atau Kecer atau Kepyak dan Ceng-ceng.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat Musik Tiup</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat musik tiup nusantara umumnya terbuat dari bambu jenis kecil yang tipis, yang umum dinamakan Suling atau Seruling. Jenis alat tiup di beberapa daerah di nusantara yaitu : Serunai, Suling Lembang, Gong Lambus, Suling Sunda, Terompet dan Dermenan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat Musik Dawai</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Alat musik dawai di nusantara berupa dawai-dawai yang direntang pada kotak kayu yang sekaligus berfungsi sebagai resonator. Ragamnya tampak pada perbedaan jumlah dawai yang terpasang dan bentuk kotak resonatornya. Namun dan jenis alat-alat musik tersebut antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hapetan, alat musik petik berdawai dua.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sampek, alat musik petik berdawai tiga.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kecapi, alat musik petik berdawai yang dipasang merentang pada kotak kayu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sasando, alat musik petik berdawai logam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rebab, alat musik gesek berdawai dua.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rendo, alat musik gesek berdawai satu dengan ruang gema dari tempurung.</span></div><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></i> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">GAYA MUSIK</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gaya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">style</i>) musik adalah cara yang khas dalam penggunaan melodi, ritme, warna suara, dinamik, harmoni, tekstur, dan bentuk musik. Cara yang khas terhadap elemen-elemen ini dikombinasikan menghasilkan bunyi yang khas atau berbeda. Kita dapat menggolongkan gaya musik menurut komposer secara individu, kelompok komposer, negara atau bahkan menurut periode sejarah tertentu. Dalam sejarah musik, khususnya musik barat dikenal pengelompokkan gaya musik menurut periode-periode sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musik Abad Pertengahan (450-1450)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Abad pertengahan ditandai dengan ‘masa gelap’ setelah hancurnya dinasti Roma. Tetapi akhir abad pertengahan merupakan periode bangkitnya kebudayaan yang ditandai dengan tumbuhnya gereja dan katedral, perkembangan kota dan didirikannya universitas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adanya dominasi katedral, menjadikan kehidupan musik abad pertengahan berpusat pada gereja. Kebanyakan musik abad pertengahan adalah vokal, meskipun beragam alat musik digunakan sebagai iringan. Barulah sejak sekitar tahun 1100, instrumen musik digunakan dengan meningkat di gereja. Beberapa jenis musik yang ada pada abad pertengahan yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nyanyian Gregorian</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musik Sekuler Abad Pertengahan</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musik Polifoni Organum</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Renaisance (1450-1600)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Masa Renaisance adalah masa kebangkitan kreatifitas manusia. Pada masa ini kekuatan gereja tidak kuat lagi, sejak adanya gerakan Reformasi Protestan yang dipimpin Martin Luther. Karakteristik musik Renaisance adalah adanya kedudukan musik lokal yang lebih penting daripada musik instrumental. Bentuk tekstur musik Renaisance adalah polifonik, dimana suatu karya koor terdiri atas empat, lima, enam bagian suara yang mempunyai melodi berdekatan. Musik Renaisance terbagi dua yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musik Saklar Renaisance</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musik Sekuler Renaisance</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.6pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada masa Renaisance terdapat sekolah seni yang membuat karya-karya yang berbeda dengan gaya Renaisance yaitu Sekolah Venesia. Karya-karya musiknya lebih cenderung menggunakan susunan homfoni daripada susunan polifoni. Sekolah Venesia merupakan awal munculnya gaya musik masa berikutnya yaitu Barok. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Baroque atau Barok (1600-1750)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Karakteristik menonjol seni Barok adalah pengisian ruang (seperti kanvas atau bunyi) dengan gerak dan tindakan. Karya Barok pada masa awal cenderung bersifat homofoni, namun pada masa akhir cenderung pada komposisi polifoni.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam menampilkan emosi yang ekstrem, komposer Barok menggunakan akord disonan dengan lebih bebas. Penekanan suara dilakukan dengan memadukan beberapa penyanyi tunggal yang diiringi koor atau instrumen. Pada masa Renaisance instrumen biasanya meniru melodi penyanyi utama, sedangkan pada masa Barok suara penyanyi diiringi oleh garis melodi yang disusun untuk instrumen. Karya-karya Barok biasanya didasarkan pada suatu ekspresi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mood</i> (suasana) dasar, yang akan mewarnai suasana karya musik dari awal sampai akhir.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Clasic (1750-1820)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Variasi dan kekontrasan yang mencolok terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mood</i>, musik Klasik menghadirkan perubahan-perubahan atau fluktuasi terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mood</i>. Pada dasarnya musik Klasik mempunyai tekstur homofonik. Namun perlakuan terhadap terkstur tersebut bersifat fleksibel sebagaimana ritme. Sebuah karya dapat dimulai dengan tekstur homfonik berupa sebuah melodi dan iringan sederhana, tetapi kemudian berubah menjadi tekstur polifonik yang kompleks.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Melodi Klasik bersifat seimbang dan simetris, karena biasanya tersusun atas dua frase yang sama panjang. Karya Klasik mempunyai ekspresi dinamik yang luas dan bertahap yaitu crescendo dan decrescendo. Musik Klasik terdiri atas :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sonata Klasik</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Minuet dan Trio</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rondo</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Simponi Klasik</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Conserto Klasik</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musik Kamar</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tokoh-tokoh Musik Klasik adalah Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dan Ludwig van Beethoven.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Romantic (1820-1900)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Masa Romantik merupakan masa dimana masyarakat memberikan perhatian pada perasaan, imajinasi dan individualisme. Karya Romantik umumnya menghadirkan suara-suara yang unik dan merefleksikan kepribadian komposernya. Pada masa ini dikembangkan Musik Program, yaitu musik instrumental yang dihubungkan dengan ceritam puisi, gagasan atau skenario.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ciri lain musik Romantik adalah kecendrungan komposer pada suara yang kaya akan sensasional, menggunakan suara untuk memperoleh suasana yang beragam. Hal ini ditandai adanya peranan alat musik tiup yang memberikan warna suara yang beragam. Dalam upayanya menciptakan warna suara yang baru, komposer Romantik mengeksplorasi akor-akor dan cara-cara baru dalam menggunakan akor-akor baru dan akor-akor lama. Karya Romantik juga cenderung mempunyai ragam yang luas ke tangga nada lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hal ini juga mencakup penggunaan dinamik nada yang bersifat mencolok, tidak cukup dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ff</i> (sangat keras) atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pp</i> (sangat lembut), tetapi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fff</i> (sekeras-kerasnya) dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ppp</i> (selembut-lembutnya). Salah satu bentuk yang berbeda pada masa Romantik adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">art song</i>, yaitu komposisi untuk vokal tunggal dan piano. Dalam musik ini, suara vokal menginterpretasikan lagu bersama-sama dengan piano.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tokoh-tokoh Musik Romantik adalah Franz Schumann, Frederic Chopin, Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelson, Hector Berlioz, Johannes Brahms dan Richard Wagner.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gaya Musik Abad 20</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada masa abad 20, warna suara menjadi elemen musik yang lebih penting daripada sebelumnya. Musik modern sering menggunakan suara perkusi dan suara yang berkesan gaduh, dan nada-nada dimainkan pada rentang yang sangat tinggi atau rendah. Teknik-teknik yang tidak lazim menjadi biasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musik abad 20 juga memunculkan perubahan yang mendasar pada penggunaan akor. Pembagian akor dalam tipe konsonan dan disonan diabaikan, penggabungan nada yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semula memberikan kesan ketidakstabilan atau disonan, kini dapat diperlakukan sebagai akor yang stabil. Akan tetapi penggunaan akor disonan yang lebih intensif ini tidak menghalangi komposer dalam membedakan akor-akor yang mempunyai tekanan berat dan ringan. Pada masa ini mulai digunakan struktur akor baru, yang merupakan perluasan akor triad <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">do-mi-sol</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ciri lain musik abad 20 adalah adanya pergantian birama secara tepat dan sering memainkan lebih dari satu birama secara bersamaan pada alat musik yang berbeda. Dalam komposisi abad 20 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">beat</i> dikelompokkan secara tidak merata dan beberapa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">beat</i> yang bertekanan muncul dalam waktu yang tidak sama. Beberapa gaya musik yang berbeda pada masa abad 20 yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Impresionalisme, tokohnya ialah Claude Debussy (1862-1918).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Neo-clasic, tokohnya ialah Igor Stavinsky dan Paul Hindemith (1895-1963).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ekspresionisme.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gaya Musik Sejak 1950</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara umum, karakteristik musik sejak 1950 adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penggunaan sistem duabelas nada lebih meningkat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Serialisme, yaitu penggunaan sistem duabelas nada untuk mengorganisasikan ritme, dinamik dan warna suara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Music Chance.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musik Minimalis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Karya-karya berisi cuplikan yang disengaja dari karya-karya sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Beberapa komposer kembali cenderung pada tonalitas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Munculnya musik elektronik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kebebasan dalam mengeksplorasi dan menggunakan suara-suara yang berkesan berisik (frekuensinya tidak beraturan).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adanya penggabungan media.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adanya konsep baru dalam ritme dan bentuk musik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perkembangan gaya musik setelah memasuki abad 20 antara lain ditandai dengan munculnya gaya musik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jazz</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rock</i>. Di dalam gaya musik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jazz</i> sendiri dapat dibedakan beberapa gaya seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ragtime, blues, new orleans, swing </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bebop.</i> Perkembangan yang menonjol dalam gaya musik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rock</i> tampak sejak lahirnya sebuah kelompok musik di Inggris <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Beatles</i>.</span></div>sonti eoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11402154065485021385noreply@blogger.com0